Remote versus distributed. The real distinction
When you hire a remote AI engineer you are buying synchrony, not just geography. Remote means the engineer holds a working day that lands inside your business hours. Distributed means fully asynchronous, with no shared window assumed. Buying "remote" and receiving "distributed" is the most common failure mode in 2026 AI hiring.
The structural difference
| Dimension | Remote (synchronous) | Distributed (asynchronous) |
|---|---|---|
| Working-day assumption | Engineer's day overlaps yours by 4 or more hours | No shared window assumed |
| Code review | Same-day, often same-hour | Next-cycle by default |
| Incident response | Live pairing during your incident | Handoff document, next-day pickup |
| Coordination cost | Absorbed into normal standups | Requires written-first process, docs, decision logs |
| Failure mode | Occasional meeting friction | Compounding handoff latency |
| Works best when | You have an existing codebase and live product | Work decomposes into self-contained units |
What the evidence says about the split
- Remote is the US developer default. The Stack Overflow 2025 Developer Survey found that among 33,686 respondents to the work-environment question, 32.4% are fully remote globally. In the United States remote leads at 45%, with only 16.2% fully in person.
- The async tax is a throughput problem, not a loneliness problem. Buffer's State of Remote Work, surveying 3,000 remote workers, found 19% cite working across time zones as a struggle and 15% cite collaboration difficulty. Notably, 75% still report feeling connected to colleagues.
- Even the reference implementation buys synchrony back. Atlassian reports in its Distributed Work Report that 92% of Atlassians say the policy lets them do their best work across more than 10,000 locations. It also reports 80%+ of staff visited an office at least once each quarter, and that in-person gatherings produce a 27% increase in connection lasting 4 to 5 months.
The practical read for a hiring CTO
If you have a live production AI system, an existing repo, an on-call rotation, and a roadmap with weekly increments, you need remote. Not distributed.
Distributed engineering is a company-wide operating model. It is not something you bolt onto one contractor. A fully-async engineer dropped into a synchronous team inherits all of the async overhead and none of the async infrastructure.
Where the supply actually sits
Global developer supply is abundant. Senior, AI-fluent, English-operational supply that is awake during your business hours is not. GitHub's Octoverse 2025 counts more than 180 million developers on the platform, with 36 million joining in a single year, up 23% year over year. The remote AI engineer 2026 supply map concentrates into five pools.
Developer supply by region
| Region | Developer population | UTC offset | AI-specific signal |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 28 million, #1 globally, more than doubled since 2020 (Octoverse 2025) | UTC-5 to UTC-8 | Leads globally in generative AI contributions |
| India | 21.9 million, #2 globally, up from 4.5 million in 2020. Over 14% of all new accounts | UTC+5:30 | 95% YoY increase in generative AI project contributions (Octoverse 2024) |
| LATAM | 2.8 million+ tech specialists (Revelo). Brazil 759,000, Mexico 560,000, Argentina 115,000, Colombia 62,000, Peru 50,000 | UTC-3 to UTC-6 | Brazil ranks #4 globally with 6.89 million GitHub accounts. Brazil, Mexico and Colombia added +3.2M net new developers |
| Southeast Asia | Indonesia 4.37 million, up from 0.9 million in 2020. Philippines 1.7 million+, growing 29% YoY | UTC+7 to UTC+8 | Vietnam posted 143% YoY growth in generative AI contributors off a small base |
| Eastern Europe | Poland previously ranked #21 globally, overtaken by Pakistan in 2024. No top-tier regional counts published | UTC+1 to UTC+3 | Senior rates of $64 to $76/hr signal a mature but expensive pool |
What seniors actually cost by region
Accelerance's 2026 global outsourcing rate analysis publishes the cleanest regional rate card in the market.
| Region | Junior hourly | Senior hourly | YoY change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Latin America | $33 to $45 | $60 to $75 | Down 7.1% |
| Central and Eastern Europe | $31 to $39 | $64 to $76 | Down 4.4% |
| Asia (South Asia leads) | $24 to $31 | $31 to $41 | Effective rates down nearly 8% |
Accelerance also warns that hourly rates are a poor measure of the true cost of software development. That is the exact argument for flat monthly all-in pricing over hourly brokerage.
English proficiency. The filter most buyers skip
Supply counts mean nothing if the engineer cannot run a design review in English. The EF English Proficiency Index, built on test results from 2.2 million adults across 123 countries and regions, ranks LATAM unevenly. Per-country scores cited in Revelo's LATAM guide:
- Argentina 575. 26th globally, High band.
- Peru 490. 52nd globally.
- Brazil 487. 70th globally.
- Colombia 480. 76th globally.
- Mexico 440. 103rd globally.
Read those numbers carefully, because country-level English proficiency is a weak predictor at the senior-engineer tier. The top decile of Colombian or Mexican senior engineers working with US clients operates far above their national average. This is why founder-level vetting beats geography filtering. FutureProofing.dev contacts 2,000 candidates monthly and accepts 12, with Jess Mah (Data Scientist, UC Berkeley CS at 19) running the Stage 5 final technical conversation on every accepted engineer.
Why LATAM is the operationally viable adjacent pool
Three conditions have to hold at once for a remote pool to work for a US buyer. Absolute supply depth. A senior rate that materially beats US in-house. Natural overlap with US business hours without night-shifting.
- India wins on depth (21.9 million developers) and rate ($31 to $41/hr senior) but fails on natural overlap at UTC+5:30.
- Eastern Europe wins on seniority and English, but its senior rate of $64 to $76/hr is now equal to or above LATAM's $60 to $75/hr, and its overlap with US Pacific is effectively zero.
- Southeast Asia wins on rate and has the steepest growth curve, but UTC+7 to UTC+8 means permanent night-shift work for US alignment.
- LATAM sits at UTC-3 to UTC-6 with senior rates 30% to 50% below US in-house. It is the only region satisfying all three conditions simultaneously.
For the full regional breakdown see our LATAM AI talent resources and Jess Mah's LATAM AI talent thesis.
Timezone overlap is the deciding variable
Timezone overlap is not a comfort preference. It is the input variable that sets pull request pickup time, and pickup time is the largest single component of engineering cycle time. LinearB's 2026 software engineering benchmarks, built on 8.1 million-plus pull requests from 4,800 engineering teams across 42 countries, classify PR pickup over 16 hours as "needs focus" and under 1 hour as "elite." A team with zero overlap cannot mathematically reach elite pickup time, because the reviewer is asleep.
The benchmark that makes overlap non-negotiable
| Metric | Elite | Good | Fair | Needs focus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR pickup time | < 1 hour | 1 to 4 hours | 5 to 16 hours | > 16 hours |
| PR review time | < 3 hours | 3 to 14 hours | 15 to 24 hours | > 24 hours |
| Cycle time | < 25 hours | 25 to 72 hours | 73 to 161 hours | > 161 hours |
| Merge frequency | > 2.0 per dev/week | 1.2 to 2.0 | 0.66 to 1.2 | < 0.66 |
| PR size | < 100 changes | 100 to 155 | 156 to 228 | > 228 |
Source: LinearB 2026 Engineering Benchmarks, 8.1M+ PRs from 4,800 teams across 42 countries.
Read the pickup-time row against a real offset. An engineer in Warsaw finishing a PR at 6pm CET has already passed noon US Eastern. A US Pacific reviewer picks it up at 9am PT the next day, which is 18:00 CET the day after. Pickup time is 24 hours by construction. That is "needs focus" before anyone has done anything wrong.
Swarmia's software development benchmarks close the argument from the recovery side. Swarmia classifies mean time to recovery under 1 hour as "great" and under 3 hours as "good," with anything over 3 hours as "needs attention." If your only AI engineer sits 10.5 hours offset, a 2am-Eastern model-serving incident has no path to a sub-3-hour MTTR unless that engineer is on a night rotation. Swarmia's flow efficiency benchmark sets "great" at more than 95% of in-progress time being active work, and every hour a PR waits on a reviewer in another hemisphere counts against it.
Concrete overlap math, per region
Assume a standard 9am to 6pm working day at both ends, no night-shifting, US standard time (ET = UTC-5, PT = UTC-8).
| Region | UTC offset | Offset vs US Eastern | Overlap with 9am-6pm ET | Offset vs US Pacific | Overlap with 9am-6pm PT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US Pacific (domestic remote) | UTC-8 | 3 hours behind | 6 hours (12pm-6pm ET) | Same | 9 hours |
| Colombia, Peru, Ecuador | UTC-5 | 0 hours (varies with US DST) | 8 to 9 hours | 3 hours ahead | 6 hours (9am-3pm PT) |
| Mexico City | UTC-6 | 1 hour behind | 8 hours (10am-6pm ET) | 2 hours ahead | 7 hours (9am-4pm PT) |
| Chile, Argentina, Brazil (São Paulo, Buenos Aires) | UTC-3 | 2 hours ahead | 7 hours (9am-4pm ET) | 5 hours ahead | 4 hours (9am-1pm PT) |
| Poland, Czechia (CET) | UTC+1 | 6 hours ahead | 3 hours (9am-12pm ET) | 9 hours ahead | 0 to 1 hour |
| Ukraine, Romania, Baltics (EET) | UTC+2 | 7 hours ahead | 2 hours (9am-11am ET) | 10 hours ahead | 0 hours |
| India (IST) | UTC+5:30 | 10.5 hours ahead | 0 hours natural. A 2pm-11pm IST shift yields ~3.5 hours | 13.5 hours ahead | 0 hours |
| Vietnam, Indonesia (WIB) | UTC+7 | 12 hours ahead | 0 hours natural. Requires night shift | 15 hours ahead | 0 hours |
| Philippines | UTC+8 | 13 hours ahead | 0 hours natural. Standard practice is a 9pm-6am PHT night shift to reach 8am-5pm ET | 16 hours ahead | 0 hours natural |
What breaks below 4 hours of overlap
Four hours is the practical floor. A working day contains roughly two PR cycles for a productive senior, and each cycle needs one synchronous touchpoint. Below four hours you get one touchpoint per day.
- PR pickup collapses into the next-day band. Same-day review is structurally impossible when the reviewer's window closes before the author's PR lands. LinearB's "fair" band of 5 to 16 hours is the ceiling for a 2-hour-overlap team, and 24-hour pickup is the honest expectation.
- Cycle time multiplies, it does not add. A two-round review that takes 6 hours co-located takes two full calendar days at 2-hour overlap, because each round consumes a day.
- Incident response cannot meet the benchmark. Swarmia's "good" MTTR threshold of under 3 hours is unreachable when the owning engineer is 10 hours out and asleep.
- AI work is penalised disproportionately. Model evaluation, prompt iteration, RAG tuning and agent debugging are exploratory and conversational. They are the least decomposable form of engineering work, which makes them the worst fit for a next-day handoff loop.
A study of outsourced software projects (arXiv 2602.08084), surveying 80 customers with 6 follow-up interviews, found nearshore engagements delivered better project success, higher quality, reduced project management effort, improved schedule adherence and fewer communication problems than offshore engagements across larger time-zone gaps. The authors recommend nearshore explicitly for communication-intensive or Agile work.
The night-shift workaround and what it actually costs
Southeast Asian and Indian providers solve overlap by inverting the working day. The Philippines BPO model is the reference case, with a 9pm to 6am PHT shift mapping onto 8am to 5pm US Eastern. It works on paper. The cost is attrition and a narrowed pool. Senior AI engineers with production LLM experience, the cohort commanding $41 to $60/hr on Lemon.io, have the most options and the least willingness to permanently invert their circadian rhythm.
Hire AI engineer remote and synchronous, not remote and offshore. The word "remote" covers both, and only one of them ships on your cycle time. FutureProofing.dev's LATAM base runs a 0 to 3 hour offset from US time zones with full Pacific-hours overlap. No shift inversion. A normal local working day that already sits inside yours.
The three remote hiring models
Every remote AI developer hire resolves to one of three commercial structures. Direct hire, where you carry payroll and recruiting cost. Platform broker, where a third party inserts a margin between what you pay and what the engineer receives. Embedded, where a provider places a named pre-vetted senior into your repo on a flat all-in monthly fee with a published replacement SLA. The models differ far less on talent quality than on who absorbs the risk when the hire does not work.
Model 1. Direct hire
- How it works. You run the search, carry the recruiter fee (typically 20% to 25% of first-year salary for contingency search), and own the employment relationship. Cross-border, you need an EOR or a contractor agreement with your own IP assignment paperwork.
- Speed. Revelo's CTO checklist benchmarks typical US engineering hires at 45 to 90 days from open requisition to start.
- Cost anchor. Built In's 2026 US AI Engineer data puts average base at $184,757, additional cash at $26,486 and total compensation at $211,243. Median $180,000, range $80K to $338K. San Francisco $246,250. New York City $223,464.
- Risk profile. You absorb 100% of the mis-hire cost. No replacement SLA exists. Severance, ramp loss and re-search all land on you.
Model 2. Platform and marketplace broker
The broker owns the relationship on both sides and takes a margin. Markup is rarely disclosed as a number. It is embedded in the hourly rate. These are the clearest published commercial terms in the LATAM AI engineering market, per Revelo's 2026 analysis of AI hiring companies in Latin America.
| Provider | Model | Published commercial terms |
|---|---|---|
| Howdy | Staff augmentation | Flat 15% on top of the engineer's take-home salary |
| Revelo | Staff augmentation (Agent of Record) | $143K to $204K per year all-in. Refundable deposit plus published margins |
| BEON.tech | Staff augmentation | $9,500 to $13,000 per month ($114K to $156K annualised) |
| Andela | 1099 contractor marketplace | Rates undisclosed. 12-month minimum commitment and a $50,000 buyout fee to convert to direct hire |
| Turing | 1099 contractor marketplace | Hourly and monthly, not standardised, not published |
| BairesDev | Staff augmentation, bench assignment | Not published. 4,000+ active bench |
| Toptal | Freelance marketplace | Varies by project, not standardised |
Vetting claims across the category are similarly uneven:
- Toptal publishes a full funnel on its Top 3% page. Language and personality 26.4% pass, in-depth skill review 7.4%, live screening 3.6%, test projects 3.2%, continued excellence 3%. Full screening takes 3 to 8 weeks.
- Turing claims the top 1% of 3 million+ applicants, 4 days to fill most roles, a 3-week risk-free trial and a 97% engagement success rate, with an automated seniority assessment of 57 calibrated questions.
- Andela claims 17,000 certified AI-native engineers and 98% enterprise client satisfaction, with blended teams from Europe, Kenya, Brazil, India and North America.
- Lemon.io publishes an actual rate card, which is rare. AI engineers average $60/hr, senior non-US $41 to $60/hr, US-based seniors $81 to $100/hr, up to $105/hr with production LLM or MLOps depth. Match in 24 to 48 hours.
Where the broker risk concentrates. First, opaque markup means you cannot model 12-month TCO. Second, lock-in terms like Andela's 12-month minimum and $50,000 conversion buyout turn a staffing decision into a capital decision. Third, the broker's commercial incentive is billed hours, not shipped work. Run the arbitrage check yourself. Accelerance puts LATAM senior rates at $60 to $75/hr while Revelo puts LATAM senior annual salaries at $55,000 to $105,000, roughly $26 to $50/hr fully loaded. The spread is the margin.
Model 3. Embedded
The provider vets, places and operates a single named senior who works inside your repo, your standup and your sprint. Pricing is a flat monthly fee, not an hourly rate, which removes the incentive to inflate hours. Here are FutureProofing.dev's terms in full:
- Price. a flat monthly rate per engineer, all-in. No equity, no recruiter fee, no minimum term. Monthly contracts, cancel anytime.
- Vetting. 12 of every 2,000 candidates contacted monthly survive the 5-stage funnel. Stage 5 is the final filter. Jess Mah runs the final technical conversation herself on every accepted engineer.
- AI tooling. Claude Code Max-fluent on day 1, tested empirically at Stage 4 in a paired AI challenge inside Cursor and Claude Code. Not self-reported on a profile.
- Replacement SLA. 7 business days, no extra cost. The clock starts when you submit the request, not when the current engineer ends. Up to 3 vetted candidates per cycle. If none fit within 14 calendar days, you exit with a pro-rata refund.
- Procurement. NDA and contractor IP assignment before any repo access, with 100% of work product assigned to you on commit. SOC 2 Type II is in progress with a Q4 2026 target, not certified today. Security questionnaire turnaround is 3 to 5 business days.
Why the AI-tooling filter matters commercially. The 2025 Stack Overflow Developer Survey found 84% of developers use or plan to use AI tools, up from 76% in 2024, but favourability fell to 60% from more than 70% in 2023 and 2024, with 66% citing "AI solutions that are almost right, but not quite" as their dominant frustration. Claiming AI fluency is now table stakes. Demonstrating it under a hard day-1 filter is not.
The 2025 DORA report, covering nearly 5,000 technology professionals, found 90% use AI at work while 30% report little or no trust in AI-generated code. Its headline conclusion is that AI amplifies existing organisational strengths and weaknesses. It found a positive relationship between AI adoption and delivery throughput, and a continuing negative relationship with delivery stability. An AI-fluent engineer with a broken review loop amplifies instability. Overlap and AI fluency have to be bought together, which is why this page treats them as one decision.
Side by side
| Criterion | Direct hire | Platform broker | Embedded (FutureProofing.dev) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time to start | 45 to 90 days (Revelo) | 24 hours to 4 days to shortlist | 2 weeks median to first PR |
| Pricing structure | Salary + benefits + recruiter fee | Hourly with embedded markup | a flat monthly rate, all-in |
| Markup transparency | N/A | Opaque. Howdy publishes 15%, most do not | No markup line. Flat fee |
| Minimum commitment | Employment contract | Andela: 12 months + $50,000 buyout | None. Monthly, cancel anytime |
| Replacement SLA | None | Varies. 30 to 90 days typical | 7 business days, up to 3 candidates, 14-day pro-rata refund |
| IP assignment | Your paperwork | Depends on 1099 vs EOR structure | Day 1, 100% to client on commit |
| AI tooling verification | Your interview loop | Self-reported | Claude Code Max-fluent day 1, hard filter at Stage 4 |
| Timezone control | You choose | Broker's global bench | LATAM only. 0 to 3 hour US offset |
Our head-to-head vendor comparison runs this matrix in more depth.
What a credible remote senior actually costs
A remote AI engineer hire lands between $113,344 and $180,173 in base salary depending on which source you trust, with an hourly equivalent of $54 to $62. Blend the credible remote-specific estimates and the midpoint sits near $150K. That is the salary line only. It is not the loaded cost.
The salary picture, source by source
| Source | Figure | Hourly equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Built In | $184,757 average base, $26,486 additional cash, $211,243 total comp. Median $180,000 | ~$89 base | Remote segment $180,173, 17% above national average. 7+ years experience averages $194,413 |
| Salary.com (1 Sept 2026) | $113,344 median | $54/hr | 10th percentile $88,906. 25th $100,552. 75th $122,836. 90th $131,478 |
| Talent.com | $122,300 average across 10,000 salaries | $61.89/hr | Entry $85,348. Senior ceiling $164,050. CA $130,876, MD $127,255, VA $123,767 |
| Lemon.io (contract rate) | $60/hr average across all AI engineers | $41 to $60/hr senior non-US. $81 to $100/hr US senior | Up to $105/hr with production LLM or MLOps depth |
| Accelerance (LATAM senior) | $60 to $75/hr | Down 7.1% YoY | Junior $33 to $45/hr |
Treat any single headline salary number for this role with suspicion. The three remote-specific sources disagree by $67,000, because they sample different title mixes and different seniority bands. The band is the honest answer.
Salary is not the loaded cost
The gap between the salary number and the real number is where hiring budgets die. Built In's $211,243 total compensation is still only cash. It excludes employer payroll tax, benefits, equipment, software seats, workspace, recruiter fee, and the management overhead of a headcount.
The loaded comparison anchor for a US senior AI engineer FTE is $22K to $38K/mo, anchored to the Levels.fyi 2026 senior AI engineer band covering base, equity, recruiter fee, benefits and employer payroll tax. Against that, FutureProofing.dev's embedded engineer at a flat monthly rate, all-in is a materially lower year-one total across twelve months versus $288K+ in-house for the same shipped year. The embedded versus FTE TCO calculator shows the full derivation.
The AI wage premium is still rising, which widens the arbitrage
Indeed Hiring Lab's September 2026 analysis of US job postings found that since 2021, advertised pay in the most AI-exposed occupations rose approximately 46%, versus 25% in the least-exposed roles. Controlling for occupational mix, Hiring Lab isolates a post-ChatGPT pay premium of 5.7%, narrowing to 4.7% when comparing identical job titles over time.
The premium scales with seniority. Roughly a 17-point gap at senior level, about 12 points at mid level, and only 2 points at entry level. Software Development sits among the highest-exposure occupation groups. The 2025 Dice Tech Salary Report, drawn from 2,835 completed US surveys, found AI expertise commands an almost 18% salary premium.
Two curves are moving in opposite directions. US senior AI pay is the fastest-appreciating line item in a 2026 engineering budget, while Accelerance reports LATAM senior rates actually fell 7.1% year over year. A fixed monthly rate is a hedge against that spread. An hourly broker rate is not.
12-month TCO comparison
| Line item | US in-house senior | Platform broker (LATAM senior at $67.50/hr midpoint) | FutureProofing.dev embedded |
|---|---|---|---|
| Base / fee | $184,757 base (Built In) | ~$140,400 at 2,080 hrs | $162,000 flat |
| Additional cash / bonus | $26,486 (Built In) | Included in rate | $0 |
| Recruiter fee (20% of base, contingency) | ~$36,951 | $0 | $0 |
| Equity | Dilutive | None | None |
| Loaded monthly equivalent | $22K to $38K/mo | Variable, markup undisclosed | a flat monthly rate |
| Replacement if the hire fails | Full re-search, 45 to 90 days | Varies. 30 to 90 day guarantee typical | 7 business days, up to 3 candidates, 14-day pro-rata refund |
| Time to first PR | Post 45 to 90 day fill | Post shortlist plus onboarding | 2 weeks median |
Get started
The fastest credible path to a remote senior AI engineer in your repo is an embedded placement with a named replacement SLA. FutureProofing.dev places LATAM-based, founder-vetted senior AI engineers at a flat monthly rate, all-in, 2 weeks median to first PR, NDA and IP assignment before any repo access, and a 7 business day replacement SLA.
What you get
- a flat monthly rate per engineer, all-in. No equity, no recruiter fee, no minimum term. Monthly contracts, cancel anytime.
- 0 to 3 hour offset from US time zones, full Pacific-hours overlap. Not a night shift. A normal local working day that already sits inside yours.
- 12 of every 2,000 candidates we contact monthly survive the 5-stage funnel. Jess Mah runs the Stage 5 final technical conversation herself. Every accepted engineer clears her bar.
- Claude Code Max-fluent on day 1. Tested at Stage 4 in a live paired AI challenge, not self-reported.
- 7 business days, no extra cost. The clock starts when you submit the request, not when the current engineer ends. Up to 3 vetted candidates. No fit within 14 calendar days and you exit with a pro-rata refund.
- Procurement-ready. NDA and IP assignment before code access, 100% of work product yours on commit with zero rights retained. SOC 2 Type II is in progress, target Q4 2026, not certified today. Security questionnaires turn around in 3 to 5 business days. Net-30 invoicing.
The 3-step process
- Written brief. Send scope, stack, and the overlap window you need against US Eastern or US Pacific. Inbound routes to Jess Mah and Andrea Barrica directly.
- NDA plus candidate intros. Mutual NDA and security questionnaire before any candidate intros. You meet a single named senior, not a bench list.
- Embed. IP assignment signed, engineer onboards into your repo, Linear or Jira, Slack and cloud. Median 2 weeks to first merged PR.
Ongoing engagement ops and replacement requests route to gabe@futureproofing.dev, answered within 24 hours.
Decision checklist before you sign with anyone
- Does the provider publish a replacement SLA in business days, not a vague guarantee, with a candidate count and a refund mechanism?
- Is there a minimum term or a conversion buyout? Andela's published terms include a 12-month minimum and a $50,000 buyout (Revelo).
- Is the markup disclosed as a number? Howdy publishes a flat 15%. Most brokers do not.
- What is the natural overlap in hours against your primary timezone, with no night-shifting?
- Is IP assignment signed before repo access, or does it depend on a 1099 versus EOR structure?
- Is AI tooling fluency verified in the vetting loop, or self-reported on a profile? Our senior AI engineer interview questions are the bar we hold.
- What is the median time to first merged PR, not time to shortlist?
Send the brief with your stack and your required overlap window. If we do not have the match on the active bench, we will tell you that instead of selling you a near-fit.
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